61. What is 'temporal locality' in memory hierarchy?
- a) Recently accessed items are likely to be accessed again soon
- b) Data physically close to each other is accessed together
- c) Memory addresses are time-stamped
- d) RAM speed varies with temperature
Answer: A - Temporal locality optimizes cache performance (used in LRU algorithms).
62. Which Windows API handles process/thread management?
- a) Win32 API
- b) DirectX
- c) .NET Framework
- d) WDM (Windows Driver Model)
Answer: A - Win32 provides functions like CreateProcess() and CreateThread().
63. What is 'dining philosophers problem' an example of?
- a) Deadlock scenario
- b) Memory fragmentation
- c) Disk scheduling
- d) Page replacement
Answer: A - Classic synchronization problem demonstrating circular wait conditions.
64. Which Linux kernel subsystem manages device drivers?
- a) Device Mapper
- b) Sysfs
- c) udev
- d) All of the above
Answer: D - Linux uses multiple subsystems for dynamic device management.
65. What is 'working set' in memory management?
- a) Pages actively used by a process
- b) Total installed RAM
- c) Swap space allocation
- d) Kernel memory footprint
Answer: A - Used to optimize page fault rates by tracking recent memory accesses.
66. Which command shows real-time process metrics in Linux?
- a) top
- b) ps
- c) vmstat
- d) netstat
Answer: A - top provides dynamic CPU/memory/process monitoring.
67. What is 'journaling' in file systems?
- a) Logging changes before committing to disk
- b) Encrypting directory structures
- c) Compressing file metadata
- d) Defragmenting storage blocks
Answer: A - Prevents corruption after crashes (used in ext3/ext4/NTFS).
68. Which Windows component provides hardware abstraction?
- a) HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)
- b) Registry
- c) Win32k.sys
- d) CLR (Common Language Runtime)
Answer: A - HAL allows Windows to run on diverse hardware architectures.
69. What is 'priority inversion' problem?
- a) High-priority task waits for low-priority task
- b) CPU ignores priority levels
- c) Memory allocation fails for high-priority processes
- d) Deadlock between equal-priority tasks
Answer: A - Solved by priority inheritance protocols (e.g., in Mars Pathfinder).
70. Which Linux command archives files?
- a) tar
- b) zip
- c) gzip
- d) cpio
Answer: A - tar -cvf archive.tar dir/ creates uncompressed archives.
71. What is 'memory-mapped I/O'?
- a) Accessing hardware registers via memory addresses
- b) Swapping RAM contents to SSD
- c) Virtual memory allocation technique
- d) Disk caching mechanism
Answer: A - Used for efficient device communication (e.g., GPU buffers).
72. Which scheduling algorithm is used in Linux CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler)?
- a) Red-Black Tree based
- b) Round Robin
- c) Multilevel Queue
- d) Shortest Job First
Answer: A - CFS uses RB trees to track process virtual runtime for fairness.
73. What is 'zero-copy' technique?
- a) Transferring data without CPU involvement
- b) Emptying RAM before shutdown
- c) Compressing files to zero size
- d) Skipping disk write operations
Answer: A - Improves performance by avoiding redundant data copies (used in sendfile()).
74. Which Windows feature enables secure credential storage?
- a) Credential Manager
- b) BitLocker
- c) Windows Defender
- d) Registry Editor
Answer: A - Stores passwords/certificates encrypted in the Windows Vault.
75. What is 'second chance algorithm' used for?
- a) Page replacement
- b) Deadlock recovery
- c) Disk error correction
- d) Process priority adjustment
Answer: A - Enhancement of FIFO that checks reference bits before eviction.
76. Which Linux command changes process priority?
- a) nice/renice
- b) chpri
- c) priority
- d) setpri
Answer: A - nice -n 5 command runs a process with adjusted priority.
77. What is 'NTFS junction point'?
- a) Directory hard link in Windows
- b) Disk partition marker
- c) Network file share
- d) Registry key pointer
Answer: A - Similar to Linux symbolic links but for directories.
78. Which of these is a Linux security module?
- a) SELinux
- b) iptables
- c) sudo
- d) chroot
Answer: A - Security-Enhanced Linux enforces mandatory access controls (MAC).
79. What is 'reentrancy' in kernel programming?
- a) Function can be interrupted and safely called again
- b) Recursive function calls
- c) Reloading kernel modules
- d) Memory reallocation
Answer: A - Critical for interrupt handlers and multi-threaded kernels.
80. Which command displays kernel messages in Linux?
- a) dmesg
- b) syslog
- c) kmsg
- d) kernlog
Answer: A - dmesg | grep error filters boot-time kernel errors.