161. Which SQL feature enforces row-level security?
- a) Row-Level Security (RLS)
- b) Column Masking
- c) Dynamic Data Masking
- d) All of the above
Answer: A - RLS filters rows based on user context/policies (CREATE SECURITY POLICY).
162. What is data virtualization in SQL?
- a) Querying distributed data as single source
- b) Encrypting virtual tables
- c) Creating temporary databases
- d) Replicating data in memory
Answer: A - Tools like PolyBase and Oracle Database Links enable federated queries.
163. Which statement integrates blockchain hashes?
- a) ADD BLOCKCHAIN HASH
- b) CREATE LEDGER TABLE
- c) ENABLE IMMUTABLE LOG
- d) GENERATE CRYPTO LINK
Answer: B - SQL Server 2022+ ledger tables use SHA-256 hashing for tamper evidence.
164. What is an edge database?
- a) Decentralized database near data sources
- b) Encrypted database
- c) Graph database
- d) Time-series database
Answer: A - Runs on IoT devices/edge servers (SQLite, EdgeDB).
165. Which SQL feature enables augmented analytics?
- a) Built-in machine learning
- b) Natural language processing
- c) Automated insights
- d) All of the above
Answer: D - Modern DBMS integrate AI for pattern detection and NLQ.
166. What is the purpose of the SQL ENCRYPTBYKEY() function?
- a) Encrypts data using symmetric keys
- b) Generates digital signatures
- c) Hashes passwords
- d) Creates certificates
Answer: A - Part of SQL Server's Always Encrypted feature.
167. Which database provides built-in geospatial AI?
- a) Oracle Spatial
- b) PostGIS
- c) SQL Server with ML Services
- d) All of the above
Answer: D - Offer spatial clustering, routing, and pattern detection.
168. What is the purpose of the SQL GENERATE_SERIES() function?
- a) Creates number/date sequences
- b) Generates test data
- c) Outputs result sets
- d) Replicates rows
Answer: A - PostgreSQL/SQL Server 2022+ function for gap filling.
169. Which statement creates a dynamic data mask?
- a) ALTER TABLE...ADD MASKED WITH
- b) CREATE DATA MASK
- c) ENABLE COLUMN MASKING
- d) DEFINE SENSITIVE FIELD
Answer: A - Hides sensitive data from unauthorized users (e.g., email masking: xxx@xxx.com).
170. What is the purpose of the SQL HASHBYTES() function?
- a) Computes cryptographic hashes
- b) Encrypts data
- c) Compresses values
- d) Validates checksums
Answer: A - Supports algorithms like SHA2_256 (SQL Server).
171. Which database feature enables zero-copy cloning?
- a) Snowflake Time Travel
- b) Oracle Flashback Database
- c) SQL Server Database Snapshots
- d) All of the above
Answer: D - Creates instant copies without storage duplication.
172. What is the purpose of the SQL DECRYPTBYKEY() function?
- a) Decrypts data encrypted with symmetric keys
- b) Validates digital signatures
- c) Tests password strength
- d) Extracts certificate data
Answer: A - Requires proper key permissions in SQL Server.
173. Which SQL feature detects anomalous queries?
- a) Threat Detection
- b) Anomaly Alerting
- c) Query Risk Assessment
- d) All of the above
Answer: D - Cloud databases monitor for SQL injection/data exfiltration patterns.
174. What is the purpose of the SQL IS_JSON() function?
- a) Validates JSON syntax
- b) Extracts JSON values
- c) Converts data to JSON
- d) Compresses JSON
Answer: A - Returns 1/0 for valid JSON (SQL Server/Oracle).
175. Which database provides built-in graph pattern matching?
- a) Neo4j (Cypher)
- b) Oracle PGQL
- c) SQL Server MATCH clause
- d) All of the above
Answer: D - Specialized syntax for path traversals.
176. What is the purpose of the SQL COMPRESS() function?
- a) Reduces data size using algorithms
- b) Minifies SQL queries
- c) Compacts indexes
- d) Shrinks databases
Answer: A - Uses GZIP/ZLIB in SQL Server/PostgreSQL.
177. Which statement creates a temporal history table?
- a) CREATE TABLE...WITH SYSTEM_VERSIONING
- b) MAKE HISTORY TABLE
- c) ENABLE TEMPORAL TRACKING
- d) DEFINE VERSION STORE
Answer: A - Automatically maintains row versions in a separate table.
178. What is the purpose of the SQL DECOMPRESS() function?
- a) Reverses COMPRESS() operations
- b) Extracts archive files
- c) Unpacks columnstore indexes
- d) Expands encrypted data
Answer: A - Restores original data from compressed binary.
179. Which database feature enables natural language queries?
- a) Power BI Q&A
- b) Oracle Language Service
- c) Google Cloud NL-to-SQL
- d) All of the above
Answer: D - Converts "Show me top customers by sales" to SQL.
180. What is the purpose of the SQL SESSION_USER function?
- a) Returns current session username
- b) Creates temporary users
- c) Validates credentials
- d) Tracks logins
Answer: A - Useful for auditing and row-level security contexts.