101. Which protocol is commonly used for network automation and configuration?
- a) NETCONF
- b) SNMP
- c) FTP
- d) HTTP
Answer: A - NETCONF (RFC 6241) uses YANG data models for programmable network device configuration.
102. What is the primary purpose of MQTT in IoT networks?
- a) Lightweight publish-subscribe messaging
- b) High-speed file transfers
- c) Real-time video streaming
- d) Network topology discovery
Answer: A - MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is designed for low-bandwidth IoT device communication.
103. Which 5G technology enables network slicing?
- a) NFV (Network Functions Virtualization)
- b) MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
- c) OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
- d) Beamforming
Answer: A - NFV allows creation of isolated virtual networks (slices) on shared 5G infrastructure.
104. What does LoRaWAN stand for in IoT networking?
- a) Long Range Wide Area Network
- b) Local Radio Wireless Access Node
- c) Low Orbit Relay and Wideband Network
- d) Linked Optical Radio Wave Network
Answer: A - LoRaWAN enables long-range (10+ km), low-power IoT communications.
105. Which tool is used for network configuration management?
- a) Ansible
- b) Wireshark
- c) Ping
- d) Traceroute
Answer: A - Ansible automates network device configurations using YAML playbooks.
106. What is the main advantage of edge computing in 5G networks?
- a) Reduced latency for time-sensitive applications
- b) Higher bandwidth allocation
- c) Stronger encryption
- d) Simplified network topology
Answer: A - Edge computing processes data closer to users (e.g., <10ms latency for AR/VR).
107. Which protocol is designed for constrained IoT devices (CoAP)?
- a) Constrained Application Protocol
- b) Compact Authentication Protocol
- c) Cellular Access Protocol
- d) Controlled Address Protocol
Answer: A - CoAP is a lightweight HTTP-like protocol for IoT (RFC 7252).
108. What does Zero Trust Architecture emphasize in network security?
- a) "Never trust, always verify" principle
- b) Automatic trust for internal traffic
- c) Disabling all firewalls
- d) Open access to all resources
Answer: A - Zero Trust requires continuous authentication and micro-segmentation.
109. Which frequency range does mmWave 5G primarily use?
- a) 24-100 GHz
- b) 1-6 GHz
- c) 900 MHz-2.4 GHz
- d) 300-3000 MHz
Answer: A - mmWave offers high speeds (1-3 Gbps) but short range (ultra-high frequencies).
110. What is the purpose of gRPC in modern networks?
- a) High-performance RPC (Remote Procedure Calls)
- b) Graphical network monitoring
- c) Gateway routing protocol
- d) Group encryption standards
Answer: A - gRPC uses HTTP/2 and Protocol Buffers for efficient microservices communication.
111. Which technology enables network programmability via APIs?
- a) RESTCONF
- b) ARP
- c) ICMP
- d) STP
Answer: A - RESTCONF provides HTTP-based APIs for network device management (RFC 8040).
112. What is the primary benefit of Massive MIMO in 5G?
- a) Increased spectral efficiency
- b) Stronger encryption
- c) Simplified antenna design
- d) Lower power consumption
Answer: A - Massive MIMO uses dozens of antennas to serve multiple users simultaneously.
113. Which protocol is used for IoT device discovery in local networks?
- a) mDNS (Multicast DNS)
- b) DHCP
- c) BGP
- d) OSPF
Answer: A - mDNS (Bonjour) resolves hostnames without a central DNS server (RFC 6762).
114. What does SASE (Secure Access Service Edge) combine?
- a) Network and security services in the cloud
- b) 5G and Wi-Fi 6 technologies
- c) IPv4 and IPv6 dual-stack
- d) MPLS and SD-WAN routing
Answer: A - SASE integrates SD-WAN, firewalls, and zero-trust into cloud-delivered services.
115. Which wireless protocol is designed for smart home devices?
- a) Zigbee
- b) LTE-M
- c) BGP
- d) OSPF
Answer: A - Zigbee (802.15.4) creates low-power mesh networks for home automation.
116. What is the purpose of eBPF in Linux networking?
- a) Running sandboxed programs in the kernel
- b) Encrypting all network traffic
- c) Replacing TCP/IP stack
- d) Managing wireless frequencies
Answer: A - eBPF enables high-performance networking, observability, and security tools.
117. Which technology enables network slicing in 5G core networks?
- a) Cloud-Native Functions
- b) MPLS
- c) VLAN tagging
- d) IPsec tunneling
Answer: A - Cloud-native 5G core uses microservices to create isolated virtual networks.
118. What is the primary use of NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT)?
- a) Low-power wide-area sensor networks
- b) High-definition video streaming
- c) Enterprise VPN connections
- d) Data center interconnects
Answer: A - NB-IoT provides extended coverage for stationary IoT devices (e.g., smart meters).
119. Which protocol secures IoT device communications using lightweight cryptography?
- a) DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
- b) IPsec
- c) SSL/TLS
- d) WPA3
Answer: A - DTLS provides UDP-based encryption for constrained devices (used in CoAP).
120. What does O-RAN (Open RAN) aim to achieve in 5G networks?
- a) Vendor-neutral interoperable components
- b) Proprietary network equipment
- c) Legacy 4G compatibility
- d) Single-carrier monopolies
Answer: A - O-RAN standardizes interfaces between radio units, distributed units, and centralized units.