141. What is Type-1 (bare-metal) hypervisor?
- a) Runs directly on hardware (e.g., VMware ESXi, Hyper-V)
- b) Hosted within an OS (e.g., VirtualBox)
- c) Cloud-only virtualization
- d) Container-based virtualization
Answer: A - Provides better performance by bypassing host OS.
142. Which KVM component handles CPU virtualization?
- a) Kernel modules (kvm.ko, kvm-intel.ko)
- b) QEMU process
- c) libvirt daemon
- d) SPICE protocol
Answer: A - Kernel modules leverage Intel VT-x/AMD-V extensions.
143. What is "paravirtualization"?
- a) Guest OS modified for hypervisor-aware optimizations
- b) Full hardware emulation
- c) Container-based isolation
- d) Network virtualization only
Answer: A - Used in Xen for faster I/O (requires PV drivers).
144. Which cloud OS uses "Dom0" terminology?
- a) Xen
- b) VMware
- c) Hyper-V
- d) KVM
Answer: A - Xen's privileged domain managing other guest VMs.
145. What is "vTPM" in virtualization?
- a) Virtualized Trusted Platform Module for guest VMs
- b) Virtual tape management
- c) Video texture processing
- d) VLAN tagging protocol
Answer: A - Provides hardware-level security to virtual machines.
146. Which technique reduces "VM sprawl"?
- a) Template-based provisioning
- b) Increasing RAM allocation
- c) Disabling snapshots
- d) Using Type-2 hypervisors
Answer: A - Standardized VM images prevent uncontrolled VM creation.
147. What is "balloon driver" used for?
- a) Dynamically reclaims VM memory for host
- b) Compresses disk images
- c) Manages GPU virtualization
- d) Encrypts VM migrations
Answer: A - Inflates/deflates to adjust guest memory pressure.
148. Which feature enables "live migration" of VMs?
- a) Pre-copy memory page transfer
- b) Shared storage only
- c) Identical CPU models
- d) Disabled swap files
Answer: A - Iteratively copies RAM while VM runs (KVM/Xen/VMware).
149. What is "nested virtualization"?
- a) Running hypervisor inside a VM
- b) Multi-cloud deployments
- c) Container orchestration
- d) Network function virtualization
Answer: A - Requires CPU support (Intel EPT, AMD RVI).
150. Which protocol optimizes VM display performance?
- a) SPICE
- b) RDP
- c) VNC
- d) HTTP
Answer: A - Red Hat's protocol for GPU-accelerated remote desktops.
151. What is "SR-IOV" in virtualization?
- a) Hardware-level NIC sharing across VMs
- b) Software-defined networking
- c) Storage replication
- d) Secure boot for VMs
Answer: A - Creates virtual functions (VFs) from physical NIC (PF).
152. Which cloud OS uses "nova-compute" component?
- a) OpenStack
- b) AWS Nitro
- c) Azure Stack
- d) Google Anthos
Answer: A - OpenStack's compute service managing VM lifecycle.
153. What is "virtio" in KVM?
- a) Standardized paravirtualized device interface
- b) Virtual CPU core
- c) Memory compression
- d) Cloud storage protocol
Answer: A - Optimized I/O for disk/network (vhost-net, vhost-scsi).
154. Which technique reduces "hypervisor overhead"?
- a) Pass-through PCI devices
- b) Increasing vCPUs
- c) Disabling interrupts
- d) Using FAT32 disks
Answer: A - Bypasses emulation for direct hardware access.
155. What is "firecracker" microVM?
- a) Lightweight KVM-based VM for serverless (AWS Lambda)
- b) GPU virtualization tool
- c) Container security scanner
- d) Network firewall VM
Answer: A - Optimized for fast startup (<125ms) and security.
156. Which filesystem is best for VM disk images?
- a) XFS (for high I/O throughput)
- b) FAT32
- c) ext2
- d) NTFS
Answer: A - Handles large files and parallel I/O efficiently.
157. What is "QEMU's role in KVM virtualization?
- a) Device emulation and VM management
- b) Kernel module loading
- c) Cloud orchestration
- d) Memory deduplication
Answer: A - KVM handles CPU/memory, QEMU emulates devices.
158. Which VMware feature enables VM portability?
- a) OVF (Open Virtualization Format)
- b) vMotion
- c) HA (High Availability)
- d) DRS (Distributed Resource Scheduler)
Answer: A - Standardized packaging format for VMs.
159. What is "Kata Containers"?
- a) Lightweight VMs that behave like containers
- b) Kubernetes storage plugin
- c) Container networking tool
- d) VM backup solution
Answer: A - Uses KVM for isolation while maintaining container UX.
160. Which Hyper-V feature provides secure VM isolation?
- a) Shielded VMs (with TPM + BitLocker)
- b) Dynamic Memory
- c) Checkpoints
- d) Replication
Answer: A - Prevents host admin from accessing VM data.