181. What is the primary purpose of eBPF in network observability?
- a) Kernel-level packet inspection without module loading
- b) Encrypting all network traffic
- c) Replacing traditional routing protocols
- d) Prioritizing cloud traffic
Answer: A - eBPF allows safe, low-overhead instrumentation of the Linux kernel for real-time traffic analysis.
182. Which 6G technology aims to integrate terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks?
- a) 3D Internet
- b) Quantum networking
- c) Optical wireless hybrid
- d) Blockchain routing
Answer: A - 3D Internet seamlessly combines ground, aerial (drones), and space (satellite) networks.
183. What does OpenTelemetry provide for network monitoring?
- a) Unified framework for metrics, logs, and traces
- b) Hardware acceleration for packet processing
- c) Quantum-safe encryption
- d) AI-based traffic generation
Answer: A - OpenTelemetry standardizes observability data collection across cloud-native environments.
184. Which frequency range is targeted for 6G terahertz communications?
- a) 100 GHz - 1 THz
- b) 1-6 GHz
- c) 24-100 GHz
- d) 300-3000 MHz
Answer: A - THz waves (0.1-10 THz) enable ultra-high-speed short-range links for holographic communications.
185. What is the primary benefit of distributed tracing in microservices?
- a) End-to-end visibility of transaction paths
- b) Lower bandwidth consumption
- c) Automatic API documentation
- d) Quantum encryption
Answer: A - Tracing follows requests across service boundaries using unique correlation IDs.
186. Which AI technique predicts network congestion before it occurs?
- a) Graph Neural Networks
- b) Generative Adversarial Networks
- c) Reinforcement Learning
- d) Convolutional Neural Networks
Answer: A - GNNs model network topology as graphs to forecast traffic patterns and bottlenecks.
187. What is the purpose of in-band network telemetry (INT)?
- a) Embedding performance data in packet headers
- b) Encrypting management traffic
- c) Prioritizing video streams
- d) Replacing SNMP
Answer: A - INT provides hop-by-hop latency/jitter/queue metrics without probe packets.
188. Which 6G technology enables sub-millisecond latency?
- a) Joint Communication and Sensing
- b) Visible Light Communication
- c) Quantum Key Distribution
- d) Blockchain-based routing
Answer: A - JCAS integrates radar-like sensing with comms for ultra-low-latency control loops.
189. What does Prometheus specialize in for network observability?
- a) Time-series metric collection and alerting
- b) Packet-level capture
- c) Deep packet inspection
- d) API security
Answer: A - Prometheus scrapes metrics at regular intervals with multi-dimensional data model.
190. Which technology enables AI-driven root cause analysis in networks?
- a) Causal inference models
- b) Blockchain ledgers
- c) Quantum computing
- d) Optical signal processing
Answer: A - Causal AI distinguishes correlation from causation in complex network failures.
191. What is the primary benefit of network digital twins?
- a) Safe testing of failure scenarios
- b) Lower hardware costs
- c) Automatic configuration
- d) Quantum encryption
Answer: A - Digital twins simulate network behavior before implementing changes in production.
192. Which protocol is used for streaming network telemetry?
- a) gNMI (gRPC Network Management Interface)
- b) SNMP
- c) NETCONF
- d) RESTCONF
Answer: A - gNMI's Subscribe method enables push-based telemetry at millisecond intervals.
193. What is the purpose of AI-driven network slicing in 6G?
- a) Autonomous optimization of slice resources
- b) Encrypting slice traffic
- c) Blockchain-based slice authentication
- d) Quantum key distribution for slices
Answer: A - AI continuously adjusts slice parameters (bandwidth, latency) based on real-time demand.
194. Which tool correlates logs, metrics, and traces for full-stack observability?
- a) OpenTelemetry Collector
- b) eBPF
- c) Wireshark
- d) Ping
Answer: A - OTel Collector processes and exports telemetry data to multiple backends.
195. What does P4 enable for network observability?
- a) Custom in-band telemetry data collection
- b) Automatic protocol documentation
- c) Quantum-safe monitoring
- d) Blockchain-based logging
Answer: A - P4 programs can embed telemetry headers and measure per-hop performance.
196. Which 6G technology enables simultaneous wireless power transfer?
- a) RF Energy Harvesting
- b) Visible Light Communication
- c) Quantum Networking
- d) Terahertz Band
Answer: A - 6G may power IoT devices via the same RF signals used for data transmission.
197. What is the primary benefit of AIOps anomaly detection?
- a) Identifying unknown failure patterns
- b) Reducing protocol overhead
- c) Automating cable tracing
- d) Quantum encryption
Answer: A - Unsupervised ML detects deviations from learned baseline behavior.
198. Which technology enables holographic communications in 6G?
- a) Terahertz-band massive MIMO
- b) Blockchain
- c) Quantum repeaters
- d) SNMPv4
Answer: A - THz frequencies with ultra-massive MIMO arrays can transmit hologram data streams.
199. What is the purpose of network causality graphs in AIOps?
- a) Mapping dependency relationships between components
- b) Encrypting management traffic
- c) Prioritizing QoS flows
- d) Replacing routing tables
Answer: A - Graphs model how failures propagate through network services.
200. Which 6G innovation integrates sensing with communication?
- a) Environmental-aware networks
- b) Quantum cryptography
- c) Optical packet switching
- d) IPv6 extension headers
Answer: A - RF signals will map physical environments for AR/VR and autonomous systems.